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The Depiction and Interpretation of the Ambiguous Nature of Boredom and Everyday Life in Contemporary Comics

Schneider, Greice: What Happens When Nothing Happens: Boredom and Everyday Life in Contemporary Comics. Leuven: Leuven UP, 2016.

With What Happens When Nothing Happens Greice Schneider lays the groundwork for an aesthetics of boredom and everyday life in comics by steadily exploring and travelling between the concepts of comics, boredom, and narratology. The author sets important constraints on comics storytelling in relationship to boredom by drawing on works of contemporary comic scholars. Moreover, the book historically traces the development of the concept of boredom, pointing out that there is no universally accepted definition of boredom. The term has been applied in many cultural contexts and covers a variety of states of mind. The book furthermore offers tools to analyse boredom in contemporary comics, since boredom is not yet a narratological concept.

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We could easily get the impression that our society is eager to shake off boredom: advice abounds to take up a hobby or an instrument, read a book, join a sports club or church group– it seems that we will do anything to keep boredom away (cf. p. 46), even though, as Greice Schneider notes, "boredom and leisure are just two manifestations of the same phenomenon, both of them emerging at the same time" (p. 17). Sometimes it seems that society frowns upon doing nothing and thus keeps quiet about it. But, at least in academia, the opposite is true: boredom has become extremely interesting to scholars (cf. p. 18) and forms a new field of interest within comics, a "hybridized field of study" (p. 19, cf. Jared Gardner & David Herman: "Introduction". In: SubStance 40(1), 2011: p. 3), as Schneider proves in her publication What Happens When Nothing Happens (2016).

Despite its obvious pun, the book's title is an apt description of itself: ‘nothing does not happen'. On the contrary, Greice Schneider is not boring at all, because boredom itself already allows room for "a cluster of feelings" (p. 18), and is used as an umbrella term for often interchangeable words such as "ennui, melancholy, tedium, depression, apathy, anomie, banality, [Langeweile or] lassitude" (p. 18, cf. p. 43). It is remarkable how Schneider historically traces the development of the concept (from Romanticism and the Industrial Revolution to Marxist times and the twentieth century), pointing out that there is no universally accepted definition of boredom (p. 30 ff.). The term has been applied in many cultural contexts and covers a variety of states of mind. For her, boredom is a "modern phenomenon" and a "source of, and threat to, creativity" (p. 21).

The book's main purpose is to lay the groundwork for an aesthetics of boredom and everyday life in comics (p. 19) by steadily exploring and travelling between the concepts of comics, boredom, and narratology. The author sets important constraints on comics storytelling in relationship to boredom by drawing on works of comic scholars like Jan Baetens, Thierry Groensteen or Philippe Marion as well as combining their theories with Martin Heidegger's (p. 39 ff.) and Walter Benjamin's views (p. 42 ff.). Her "slippery corpus" (p. 19), as she herself calls it, consists of stories in which, at first glance, not much happens and which are "typified by a certain vagueness; characters simply live their banal lives without the need of a significant mission propelling the story" (p. 20).

Schneider's book is precisely structured. It gives an overview of the concept of boredom and its relationship to cultural products followed by an articulation of boredom and comics storytelling. The first part of the book discusses the relationship between comics, everyday life, and boredom, while outlining four approaches towards everyday life that are prevalent in comics studies (p. 61 ff.). Here, Schneider develops a figure exemplifying a continuum between the positive and the negative aspects of boredom, ranging from disenchantment to enchantment, and from ironic to serious issues, in order to distinguish between "observational humour", "contemplation", "derisive humour" and "ennui" (p. 64). Her map of authors, which is organized according to their engagement with boredom and the everyday (p. 75), will be particularly convincing. In general, whenever there is need of precise classification, she inserts diagrams to help visualize her arguments (e.g., "the dynamics of boredom", p. 83).

The ambiguity of boredom and the aesthetic discussion around it are at the core of the second part of the book. She analyses categories such as slowness and speed, repetition and difference, and minimalism and excess in terms of panel breakdown, graphic immobility, page layout, lettering, gestures, and facial expressions. In the third part, Schneider elaborates on the question ‘What happens when nothing happens?' by drawing on concepts of postclassical narrative theory. She also looks at the concept of duration, which is crucial for narratology and a phenomenology of boredom. Through close-readings of three authors who have contributed greatly to alternative comics—namely Chris Ware, Lewis Trondheim, and Adrian Tomine, Schneider shows "what really happens in stories (or at least parts of stories) in which nothing happens (or nothing seems to happen)" (p. 23).

She furthermore offers tools to analyse boredom in contemporary comics, since boredom is not yet a narratological concept. According to the author, "the simplest, most popular way of bringing boredom and comics together is by turning boredom into a subject" and this "has been successfully achieved through newspaper strips" (p. 46) starting in the 1960s—but why in comics? According to her, "comic books are an ideal vehicle for a certain apocalyptic discourse that combines mass culture, consumerism and banality" (p. 49). And she convinces her reader of this by referring to a huge amount of comics, as well as by drawing on intertextual cross-references. The section on gender issues, however, interrupts the book's structure and does not properly link to the previous comics' issues she focuses on. Instead, the author could have elaborated more on "emotions" and their function within affect studies. This could have been particularly fruitful in the context of boredom and everyday life, which she only slightly touches upon when speaking about "the gaze" (p. 165 ff.).

This minor criticism aside, Schneider's book succeeds in balancing the theoretical framework consisting of three different fields—comics, boredom, narratology, and the historical account for three reasons: First, the book is well-structured, its many chapters and subchapters making the any sought-after issue easy to find. Moreover, each individual discussion is organized according to a similar pattern, so that the chapter on everyday life proceeds like the chapter before, on boredom.

Second, Schneider not only writes about "repetition" as one point along the continuum of boredom, but uses it herself as narrative means, which helps one to remember the main arguments of the book and supports the golden thread experienced while reading her book. Third, she demonstrates her deep and thorough research in the field by engaging with multiple perspectives on a complex cultural concept, as well as by considering works in languages other than English. She provides translations of French quotes, for example, which contribute to the text's accessibility.

All in all: this publication is worth reading, perhaps less for laymen interested in sequential art than for comics scholars and boredom experts. And this read in particular is truly an escape from boredom.

Schneider, Greice: What Happens When Nothing Happens: Boredom and Everyday Life in Contemporary Comics. Leuven: Leuven UP, 2016. 223 pages, Paperback, 55 Euro, ISBN: 9789462700734

Foreword… 9

Acknowledgements… 13

Introduction… 15

What Is Interesting about Boredom?… 18

Defining a Slippery Corpus…19

Two Approaches and Three Authors… 20

Part One: The Relationship between Comics and Everyday Life and Boredom

Chapter One. A Brief History of Boredom… 27

Boredom and Modernity: New Words for a New Feeling… 30

Avoiding or Enduring Boredom?… 37

Heidegger and the Phenomenology of Boredom… 39

Benjamin and the Atrophy of Experience… 42

Chapter Two. Boredom and the Everyday in Comics… 45

Keeping Boredom Away… 46

Gag a Day: Repetition and Variation in Comic Strips… 46

Escaping Tediousness: Super-hero Comic Books and Bds… 48

From Underground Comix to Alternative Comics… 49

In Praise of the Loser… 52

Gender and Boredom in Alternative Comics… 54

The Joy and the Burden of the Comics Artist… 55

Chapter Three. Four Approaches Towards the Everyday… 61

Grasping the Everyday… 62

Observational Humour… 63

Derisive Humour… 66

Ennui… 68

Contemplation… 70

Part Two: The Ambiguity of Boredom in Terms of an Aesthetic Phenomenon

Chapter Four. The Poetics of Boredom… 79

A Dynamics of Boredom and Interest… 80

The Paradox of Boredom… 82

A Plea for Attention… 84

Slowness and Speed… 85

Repetition and Variation… 91

Minimalism and Excess… 97

On Gestures and Facial Expressions… 103

Part Three: The Narratological Perspective of the Dialectics of Boredom

Chapter Five. Boredom as a Narratological Concept… 109

Uneventful Eventfulness… 110

And So What? Tellability and the ‘Point' of the Story… 112

On Boredom and Narrative Tension… 114

Chapter Six. What Happens When Nothing Happens… 123

Linearity and Tabularity in Narrative Tension… 123

Defying the Cliffhanger… 125

Open-Ended Everyday and Diary Comics… 127

When Suspense Is Suspended… 129

Expectation Becomes the Event… 134

Eventfulness: Too Much or Too Little?… 136

Part Four: Focus on the Works of Lewis Trondheim, Chris Ware and Adrian Tomine

Chapter Seven. The Little Nothings of Lewis Trondheim… 143

Minimalism, Constraints and Repetition… 144

Rabbits and Dungeons in a Neo-Baroque Farce… 147

The Drama of Having Nothing to Tell… 149

Chapter Eight. Adrian Tomine: Lost Gazes, Detached Minds… 157

From Mini-Comics to Graphic Novels and Back to Floppies… 159

In Praise of Apathy in the Name of Honesty… 160

Graphic Transparency and Linear Reading… 162

Reticent Endings and Suspended Gaze… 165

Chapter Nine. Chris Ware: Resisting Narrative Immersion… 173

Against Immersion…174

Temporal Immersion: In Defence of Slow Reading… 175

Emotional Immersion: Clear Line and Graphic Empathy… 177

Spatial Immersion: Playing with Page Layout… 178

(Un)eventfulness in Building Stories… 181

Against Distraction… 191

Conclusion… 195

Notes… 197

Works Cited… 205

Bibliography… 209

Die Darstellung und Interpretation von Langeweile und Alltagsleben in zeitgenössischen Comics

Mit What Happens When Nothing Happens von Greice Schneider soll der Grundstein für eine Ästhetik der Langeweile und der Betrachtung des Alltagslebens in zeitgenössischen Comics gelegt werden. Sie beleuchtet dabei die Forschungsfelder des Comics, der Langeweile und der Narratologie interdisziplinär und setzt sie zueinander in Beziehung. Darüber hinaus verfolgt das Buch die historische Entwicklung und Verwendung des Begriffs der Langeweile und macht dabei anschaulich deutlich, dass es keine allgemein akzeptierte, über Grenzen hinausgehende Definition von Langeweile gibt. Vielmehr wird der Begriff in unterschiedlichen kulturellen Kontexten angewendet und umfasst eine Vielzahl von Zuständen des Geistes. Zudem werden aus der Narratologie entstammende Konzepte als Analysteinstrumentarium angeboten, um Langeweile und deren Auswirkung in Comics genauer beleuchten zu können.